2022 HTE 2025 LAPRAN MAI JA YANG GINRA KAW NA KUMSHU HKAI SHA AI NI HKRUM SHA NGA AI MAYAK MAHKAK
Gushen Min Zein, Hperam Pan Htoi, Lagwi Bawm Wawn, Lahtaw Kai Seng,
Nhpung Tang Gun, Lama July Nu San, Zahkung Je Naw
Ga Machyim (Abstract)
Ndai shawk sagawn laika gaw 2022 hte 2025 lapran Mai Ja Yang ginra hta kumshu hkai sha ai ni hkrum sha nga ai madung mayak mahkak ni hpe sawk sagawn ai lam hte mare buga na hkai lu hkai sha ai ni kaw na qualitative ningmu ni hpe madung tawn na sawk sagawn ai lam rai nga ai. 1980 ning kaw na Miwa- Myen jarit ginra hta hkai sun galaw sha ai ni a matu sak hkrung lam npawt nhpang langai mi rai nga ai kumshu hpe madung hkai sha taw ai hpe mu mada ga ai. Raitimung, 2021 ning hta gaw Myen hpyen dap a gumshem ai lam hte COVID-19 ana zingli a majaw kumshu hkai galaw shapraw ai lam, hpaga lam, hkrung grin hkai lu hkai sha ai lam ni hpe pat shingdang ai lam nga ai. Ndai sawk sagawn ai ten hta gayau gaya ladat (mixed methods) hte approach galaw ai, Primary data hpe sung sung jai lang hkai dan ai hku nna interview ni galaw shinggyin la lu ai. Shan hte a mahkrum madup hte mayak mahkak ni hpe chye na matu, yaw shada let lata la hkrum ai kumshu hkai sun galaw sha ai masha marai 10 hpe san htai galaw ai. 2022 ning hta lamu ga jarit pat da ai majaw hte Myen mung dinghku majan byin ai majaw maigan de dut shabra ai lam hpe jahkring kau ai lam the kumshu hkai ai lam hkrat sum mat ai. 2025 ning du wa ai ten hta, gumhpraw rawt manu nnga mat ai, namhpun manu rawt mat ai, kumshu manu jahpu shayawm ai ni grau nna mayak mahkak ni byin wa ai. Mung masa nsim nsa byin wa ai hte jarit hpaga pat shingdang ai, kumshu manu hpe grau nna manu shayawm shangun ai lam ni byin ai. Policy madu shadaw ai, gumhpraw garum shingtau ai lam, gat lawk de shang lu na matu grau kaja ai hkai sun galaw sha ai ni a sak hkrung lam hpe makawp maga na matu ahkyak nga ai.
Ga nhpaw (Introduction)
Mai Ja Yang hta 1985 ning grup-yin kaw na hkai hpang wa ai kumshu hkai ai lam gaw mare buga masha ni a shang gumhpraw madung rai nga ai. Kumshu hpe April shata hta hkai nna, December shata hta dan la ai majaw hkai ngut ai hpang shata lahkawng na ai hpang namhpun bai bang ra ai. Kalang hkai ngut ai hpang masum lang dan la lu nna madung hku nna Miwa mungdan a gat lawk de dut shabra ai. 2021 ning hpyen dap daru magam gumlang ai kaw nna Mai Ja Yang jarit mayan byin nga ai mung masa manghkang ni a majaw kumshu sun galaw sha ai ni hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai lam chye lu ai. Hkai sun galaw shapraw ai lam gaw ladaw langai laman ton 6-7 kaw nna ton 2-3 de hkrat sum mat nna, hkai lu hkai sha ai ni a hkai lu hkai sha ai atsam hpe mung shayawm kau shangun ai. Shawng de gaw, Yuan 30000 bang ai shaloi, Yuan 80000 bai lu ai (RFA, 2022), raitimung, ya aten hta hkai lu hkai sha ai ni gaw akyu nlu ai sha, sum machyi ai lam ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Miwa mung jarit chyinghka ni hpe aten gadun laman pat da ai majaw, ra kadawn nam hpun ni hpe nmai lang ai hte maigan de dut shabra ai lam hpe pat shingdang ai majaw kumshu ni hten mat nna grau nna sum mat wa ai (RFA, 2022). Ndai sawk sagawn ai lam gaw Mai Ja Yang hta kumshu hkai sha ai ni hta byin nga ai mang hkang kaba ni hpe sawk sagawn nna, mai byin ai hparan ladat ni hpe sawk sagawn na matu yaw shada ai lam rai nga ai.
Laili laika masam maram (Literature review)
Ya aten na sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, kumshu hkai ai ni gaw, shim lum lam hte hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai mayak mahkak law law hpe hkrum sha nga ai hpe mu lu ai. Nbung galai shai ai lam gaw, grau sawng ai nbung laru byin ai lam ni, marang htu ai lam ni, marang kaba sawng ai lam ni a majaw, hkai lu hkai sha lam hta hkra machyi ai lam ni hpe grau sawng shangun nga ai (Calvin, 2023). Mai Ja Yang ginra hta, kumshu hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hta, galoi mung galaw ai hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hta lai nna, laklai ai mayak mahkak ni hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Mung masa manghkang hte COVID-19 a majaw, hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai (RFA, 2022). Myit yu hpa manghkang langai gaw, Kachin mung jarit mayan na kumshu mari ai Miwa company ni a ga shaka tawt lai ai lam rai nga ai. Miwa mungdan a gat lawk manu hte kumshu mari na matu KIA/KIO asuya hte myit hkrum da ai raitim, company ni gaw dai ga sadi ni hpe n hkan sa ai majaw, buga hkai sun galaw sha ai ni a matu manu hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai (Kachinwaves, 2024).
Theory hkrang masa (Theoretical Framework)
Ndai sawk sagawn ai lam hpe Adam Smith shawng nnan galaw hpang wa ai mung masa sut masa ningmu hku nna mung, asuya a masa lam ni hte mung masa masa lam ni gaw sut masa lam hte sak hkrung lam hpe gara hku hkra machyi shangun ai hpe sawk sagawn ai (Manioudis, 2024). Ndai hkrang masa gaw, hpyen masa gumshem ai lam ni, jarit masa ni, mung masa manghkang ni a majaw, kumshu manu hpe gara hku jahten sharun kau ai lam hpe tang madun ai- yu ga nang yang maigan shang ai namhpun ni (fertilizer) kaw nna gat lawk de shang lu ai lam (Miwa mung de dut shabra ai lam) du hkra buga kumshu hkai lu hkai sha ai lam a ngang grin lam hpe gara hku jahkrit shama ai lam ni hpe sawk sagawn ai.
Sawk sagawn mahkrun (Methodology)
Ndai sawk sagawn ai lam hta Mai Ja Yang kata na Kumshu hkai sun galaw sha ai ni hkrum sha nga ai mayak manghkang ni hpe atsawm chye lu na matu kayau kaya ladat (mixed-methods) hpe jai lang let galaw sa wa ai lam rai nga ai. Kumshu hkai sun galaw sha ai ni a mahkrum madup, mayak manghkang ni, mai byin ai hparan ladat ni hpe sawk sagawn la lu na matu sung sung li li san htai (in-depth interviews) hku nna, data ni hpe hta shinggyin lam galaw ai. Purposive sampling hpe jai lang nna, kumshu hpe tatut hkai sha nga ai asak 30 ning hte 65 ning lapran na hkai lu hkai sha ai masha marai10 (Num marai 5, La marai 5) hpe shanhte a kumshu hkai lu hkai sha ai mahkrum madup hte shanhte hkrum sha nga ai mayak manghkang amyu myu ni hpe madung tawn nna lata san ai lam galaw ai. Ndai ladat gaw, lak san ningmu ni hpe jaw ya nna, ginra a matu hkrung grin ai hparan ladat ni hpe lu madi madun lu na matu rai nga ai.
Mahtai hte lu tam ai lam (Results and findings)
Chart 1. Asak pang
Chart 2. Mai Ja Yang ginra na shaning law law kumshu hkai sha mahkrum madup nga ai san htai lamang ha shang lawm ai masha jahpan
San htai lamang hta shang lawm ai masha jahpan masa ni hpe sumla 1-3 hta madun da ai. Sumla 1 hta mu lu ai gaw, san htai lamang hta shang lawm ai 70% gaw Num ni rai nna, 30% gaw La ni rai nga ai. Ndai lam gaw, kumshu hkai ai hta mnum ni a ahkyak ai daw (sh) lit hpe madun dan nga ai. Sumla 2 hta shang lawn ai ni hta na 50% gaw asak 45-55, 30 % gaw 55-65 hte 20% gaw 30-45 lapran re ai hpe mu lu ai, dai gaw kumshu hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hpe madung hku nna mahkrum madup law law nga ai sak ram ni hte asak kaba sai ni galaw ai hpe madun da ai. Sumla 3 hta Mai Ja Yang ginra hta na san htai lamang hta shang lawm ai ni law malawng gaw kumshu hkai sha ai 10-20 ning laman mahkrum madup nga ai ni rai nna, asak 21-30 ning hte 31-40 ning lapran na masha ni n law ai hpe mu lu ai, dai gaw kumshu hkai ai hta aten galu wuhpung wuhpawng shang lawm ai lam hpe htawng madun dan ai lam rai nga ai.
Chart 3. 2022 ning na madung mayak mahkak ni
Sumla 3 hta mu lu ai hte maren, 2022 ning hta Mai Ja Yang kaw na kumshu hkai ai ni a matu madung yak hkak ai lam gaw, htaw wa htaw sa lam rai nga ai. COVID-19 a majaw lamu ga jarit chyinghka ni hpe aten galu pat da ai majaw hte KIA hte Myen Hpyen Dap lapran laknak lang gasat gala lam ni a majaw hkai sun galaw sha ai ni hta na 80% daram gaw htaw wa htaw sa lam hta yak hkak hkrum nga ai. Dai majaw, Mai Ja Yang hta kumshu yawng ngu na daram sum mat ai lam nga ai. Lawu na mahtai ni gaw Mai Ja Yang kaw kumshu hkai ai lam hta hkrum katut nga ai mayak mahkak kaba ni hpe madung tawn nna tang madun da ai re. Hkai sun galaw sha ai wa nambat 7 gaw, “Madung manghkang gaw, kumshu dan la ngut ai hpang mung, htaw wa htaw sa lam yak hkak ai majaw aten dep n mai dut shabra ai majaw, kumshu hpe grai hkra machyi shangun nna, gumhpraw sum ai lam ni byin wa ai.” Hkai sun galaw sha ai wa nambat 3 gaw, “COVID-19 n byin shi yang, htaw wa htaw sa lam, matut mahkai lam, mung masa lam ni gaw grai kaja ai majaw, Miwa mung de kumshu htaw sa na matu loi ai.” Hkai sun galaw sha ai wa nambat 5 gaw, “COVID ana zinli a majaw htaw wa htaw sa lam hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai hte kumshu hpe hkai sun kaw nna gat lawk de du na matu yak hkak ai lam ni byin pru wa ai.” Matut nna, 2025 ning a mayak hpe mung san htai galaw wa sai.
Chart 4. 2025 ning na madung mayak mahkak ni
Sumla 4 hta mu lu ai hte maren, 2025 ning hta madung yak hkak ai lam gaw, arung arai manu kaba ai, ahkun hkanse jat ai, kumshu manu shayawm ai majaw, gumhpraw hte seng ai lam rai nga ai. COVID-19 a hpang hte mung masa manghkang ni a majaw, nhprang dat manu gaw, shawng de mawdaw kaba langai hta Yuan 20 kaw nna, 2025 ning hta Yuan 50 de, masum lang jat wa sai. Dai hta n-ga, Miwa mung na mari ai ni gaw, tara rap ra ai manu n jaw mayu ai majaw, Mai Ja Yang hkai lu hkai sha ai ni a shang gumhpraw hpe grau nna pat shingdang nga ai.
Hkai sun galaw ai masha nambat 4 tsun ai gaw, “Anhte shawng nnan hkai hpang ai shaloi, kumshu nli lu na matu hte kumshu hkai na matu yak hkak ai lam ni nga ai. Madung manghkang gaw gumhpraw n lu ai majaw re. Gumhpraw n lu ai masha ni gaw shani bungli galaw ai ni hpe pyi n lu saw shaga ai.” Hkai sun galaw ai masha nambat 6 gaw, “Kumshu dut na aten garai n du shi yang, gumhpraw jai lang na matu grai yak ai. Dai majaw, gumhpraw shawng hkoi la ra ai.” Hkai sun galaw ai masha nambat 8 gaw, “Dinghku masha n law ai, kaga bungli n lu ai, ma ni grai naw kaji ai, shang gumhpraw tam ai wa n nga ai, dinghku hta num kasha ni sha nga ai, dai zawn re ai a majaw gumhpraw yak hkak ai lam ni byin pru wa ai.”
Chart 5. 2022 hte 2025 ning hta kumshu hkai ai lam hta byin wa na mayak mahkak kaba ni hpe shingdaw yu ai lam
Sumla 5 hta madun da ai jahpan hku yu yang, 2022 ning hta htaw sa ai lam gaw grau nna yak hkak ai lam hpe mu lu nna, dai shaning hta COVID-19 ana zinli gaw jarit mayan shara a majaw byin wa ai hpe mu lu ai. 2025 ning hta matut manoi byin nga ai mung masa manghkang a majaw, Myen gumhpraw gaw 2022 ning hta grau nna manu rawt jat wa ai majaw, buga masha ni a matu gumhpraw lam gaw kaba dik ai mayak mahkak re ai hpe mu lu ai.
Bawngban dinglik yu ai lam hte ga hpumdim (Discussion and Conclusion)
Mai Ja Yang mare hta kumshu hkai ai lam gaw naw ahkyak nga ai raitim, matut manoi byin nga ai mung masa hte sut masa lam ni a majaw, kumshu hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hpe jahkrit shama nga ai. Ndai laika hta, buga ginra tara masa ni hpe htai ya ai lam, ginra masa hku nna jawm galaw ai lam, jarit mayan na buga masha ni a sak hkrung lam hpe makawp maga ai lam ni hpe lawan ladan galaw ra ai lam ni hpe madi madun da ai. Ndai gaw, ngang grin ai hparan ladat ni hpe lawan ladan ra kadawn nga ai lam hpe, seng ang ai ni hte buga hkai sun galaw sha ai ni hpe tsun dan na matu yaw shada ai. Ya aten hta hkai lu hkai sha ai ni hkrum sha nga ai madung manghkang ni hpe madi madun dan ai hku nna, ndai sawk sagawn ai lam gaw hkai lu hkai sha ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu, mayak mahkak ni hpe tawt lai lu na matu, malu masha shimlam hpe jat wa na matu, kaja ai ladat ni hpe gyin shalat na matu npawt nhpang hpe jaw ya nga ai.
Ningmu jaw ai lam (Recommendation)
1. Wunpawng Mundan Asuya hku nna Miwa asuya hte tara shang bawngban hpawng galaw nna, kumshu dut shabra na matu jarit mayan bungli ni hpe ngang grin masan sa hkra madi shadaw yang kaja ai lam,
2. Asuya n re ai wuhpung ni hte pawng nna, kumshu hkai sun kaji ni hpe n-gun jaw na matu yaw shada let, microfinance, hpaji sharin hpawng ni, hkai lu hkai sha ai arung arai ni hpe madi shadaw yang hkrak manu ai lam hte,
3. Miwa mung kaw na dut shabra ai hpe mahku mara ai lam hpe shayawm nna buga na namhpun galaw shapraw ai lam hta arang bang yang grau nna masan sa wa na la. Ndai ladat ni gaw Mai Ja Yang hta kumshu manu jahpu hpe ngang kang hkra galaw na matu, hkai sun galaw sha ai ni a hkam sharang lu ai atsam hpe jat wa hkra, aten galu hkai lu hkai sha lam a matu npawt nhpang hpe gawgap na matu yaw shada ai re.
Mahta ai laika ni (References)
Calvin, K. (Ed.). (2023). Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647
Kachinwaves. (2024, December 30). [Post about sugarcane farmers facing difficulties because Chinese companies are buying sugarcane from the Kachin border region at low prices] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1EazshfKSj/?mibextid=wwXIfr
Manioudis, M. (2024). Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie's enthralling journeys and his critique of Ricardianism: From inductive political economy to the emergence of British historical economics. History of Political Economy , 56 (1), 139–165.https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-10956596
Radio Free Asia. (2022, May 19). တရုတ်နယ်စပ်ပိတ်မှုကြောင့် မိုင်ဂျာယန်ဒေသ ကြံစိုက်တောင်သူတွေ အရှုံးပေါ် [Sugarcane farmers in Mai Jar Yan region face losses due to border closures]. RFA Burmese. https://www.rfa.org/burmese/multimedia/mai-jar-yan-sugarcane-farmers-lost-05192022033003.html.
